Gravitational Lensing
Illustration of a black hole or dark matter moving through the interstellar medium showing gravitational lensing.
As we now know, matter traveling at velocities faster than the speed of light are no longer visible from the stationary Observers point of view. Therefore a great deal of dark matter in the universe is simply Phase Transitioned. Since nothing about the matter itself has changed, then nothing is preventing it from becoming gravitationally bound to other phase transitioned matter. This gives rise to the possibility of large regions of space with gravitationally bound material. Such material should easily produce gravitational lensing rings given the proper circumstances.
Computer simulation of galactic filaments showing cosmic voids and web like structure. (Courtesy Wikipedia)
This brings us to another postulate of incredibly great importance. Large cosmic voids may indeed be vast regions of material gravitationally bound, that are large concentrations of C+ dark matter. Clusters of galaxies, including super clusters, are indeed common. Therefore nothing is preventing clusters of dark matter as well.
This is a map of the larger known cosmic voids. (Courtesy Wikipedia)
Further supportive evidence can also be found in ultra high energy cosmic rays arriving here on earth, from these regions of apparent nothingness. Particles such as the Amaterrasu particle at more than 240 EeV (exa-electronvolts). First detected in 2021 and later identified in 2023, emanating from the local void. This is an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way Galaxy. Previous extremely high energy cosmic rays have also been observed such as the OMG particle in 1991 at 320EeV.
These ultra high energy cosmic rays are strongly suggestive that these dark areas contain vast concentrations of relativistic high energy matter. Further research will also be needed to discover, if these cosmic rays have suffered entropy over the long distances they have traveled, or are they simply a consequence of normally radiated relativistic energy.
Photograph of Barnard 68 in the visible and near infrared light. (Courtesy Wikipedia)
Once again, it is important to recognize that given the enormous volume of galaxies within the universe, as well as their immense size, a great amount of dark matter is also being emanated from them. This is from the super massive black holes that are found within their centers. Black holes literally are fountains of relativistic C+ matter. They add vast amounts of material to the interstellar medium.
No discussion of cosmic voids would be complete without mentioning Dark Molecular Clouds, Absorption Nebulae and Bok Globules. Indeed they share many similarities with cosmic voids and may also be regions of gravitationally bound C+ matter. Additionally, their irregular shapes bear a striking resemblance to the irregular shapes of large cosmic voids. This strongly suggests gravitational interaction with known visible matter.
"There is an Entire Universe of Matter
moving Faster than the Speed of Light"
It is also important to note, that not all dark matter is matter traveling faster than the speed of light. There is matter that is cold and dark enough that it is difficult to detect. Some examples being Black Dwarfs, stars that have long since died, and Dark Interstellar Dust which is also difficult to detect. Any discussion of Dark Matter must also include Dark Antimatter. It should also be noted that not all voids in space are dark matter. Gravitational irregularities sometimes leave areas with less matter. With the new understanding of dark matter, cosmic voids and galactic filaments, it's tempting to believe that space is homogeneous. However, it is well known that gravitational attraction forms clumps. Space is unquestionably not homogeneous as seen in the famous cosmic microwave background (CMB) map by the Planck Satellite.
Planck Satellite map (Courtesy Wikipedia / ESA)
Any discussion of the speed of light must also include Gravitons!
This is especially true with the recent coinciding confirmations of Gravitational Waves at the Ligo and Virgo Gravitational Wave Observatories. These confirmations have given birth to an absolute wealth of new scientific information as well as a new branch of science, Gravitational Wave Astronomy.
Image 1: Ligo Observatory Hanford, Washington State
Image 2 : Ligo 2nd Observatory, Livingston Louisiana
Image 3: Virgo Observatory, Pisa Italy
The first observations were done using Laser Interferometry in September 2015 and occurred when a Black Hole and a Neutron Star merged. The merger was estimated to be approximately 1.3 billion light years from Earth.
Since this discovery, a great many more collisions have been observed. Unquestionably Gravitational Waves permeate the entire Universe. However, presently we are only able to observe large cataclysmic events such as the merger of Black Holes, Neutron Stars and Supernovae. Our detection capabilities are still in their infancy.
Additionally Gravitational Waves also exhibit wavelength just like photons. Interestingly, the wavelength for Gravitational Waves are very long and often measured in light years. The existence of Gravitational Waves also firmly implies the existence of Gravitons, thus making them a fundamental particles just like photons.
With respect to the speed of light, our new knowledge of Gravitational Waves gives further insight to the world of relativistic velocities. This can be easily seen in the first observations by the Ligo and Virgo collaboration of observatories.
The detectors first registered the arrival of only Gravitational Waves. Then approximately 1.7 seconds later, a high-energy gamma ray burst was received. Followed afterwards by x-ray, ultraviolet and eventually infrared photons. The most energetic photons arriving first followed by slower photons afterwards.
These observations and the subsequent delay in the arrival of photons speaks absolute volumes about the speed of light. It produces a clear understanding of the relative velocities. It also is a very clear indicator of the existence of the small Gray Area in, and around the speed of light. It provides powerful evidence that Gravitons do indeed travel a bit faster than the speed of light!
"We have long since known "C" as the speed of light,
it is now necessary to recognize "G" as the speed of Gravitons”
We know that photons can travel immense distances across the Universe. The new James Webb Telescope allows us to see light from the early days of the Universe, approximately 13.5 billion years ago. This is incredibly distant in both space and time. Gravitons travel slightly faster and of course must be more energetic, which further confirms their astounding ability to travel almost unimaginable distances.
Quantum Entanglement
By applying our new understanding of velocities faster than the speed of light, it now becomes easy to recognize a vast myriad of applications for further research.
Of great importance is Quantum Entanglement. Einstein once called it "Spooky Action at a Distance". This phenomenon has been known about for a great many years and in recent times even put to use in Quantum Computers. Yet the actual mechanism of entanglement is poorly understood. Einstein himself believed that there is some form of communication between particles.
These particles are exact images of each other and the act of observing one directly and instantaneously affects the other. This gives rise to the very distinct probability of being a faster than the speed of light Reflection.
As we know, matter, especially with relativistic velocities, has a wave-particle duality. Much like photons and electrons for example. It is possible that at certain distinct resonant frequencies reflections can occur.
This is easily demonstrated with sound waves. A good example being sand placed on a plate vibrated by sound creating fractal like patterns. This was demonstrated by Ernst Chladni in 1787.
Reflections at velocities faster than the speed of light not only explain two paired particles, but additional pairing as well. It also completely verifies why affecting one particle instantaneously affects the other paired particle. Remember that matter moving faster than the speed of light leaves the observer's time frame, so from the observer's point of view time stops. It gives the illusion of being instantaneous for the entangled particles.
As we know, matter, especially with relativistic velocities, has a wave-particle duality. Much like photons and electrons for example. It is possible that at certain distinct resonant frequencies reflections can occur.
This is easily demonstrated with sound waves. A good example being sand placed on a plate vibrated by sound creating fractal like patterns. This was demonstrated by Ernst Chladni in 1787.
Reflections at velocities faster than the speed of light not only explain two paired particles, but additional pairing as well. It also completely verifies why affecting one particle instantaneously affects the other paired particle. Remember that matter moving faster than the speed of light leaves the observer's time frame, so from the observer's point of view time stops. It gives the illusion of being instantaneous for the entangled particles.
Examples of reflections at specific resonant frequencies created by sound.
Subatomic Particle Physics
Given our new knowledge of Apparent Mass and the speed of light, it now also becomes necessary to reevaluate our current thinking on many fundamental particles. In particular, the much more than just coincidental, similarities between Electrons, Muons and Tau Particles.
Each of these particles share nearly identical properties with the exception of mass, and of course therefore different lifetimes as a consequence of larger Apparent Mass. Remember that larger apparent Mass means the ability to do more work, or more properly stated, interact more readily. Much like the difference between infrared radiation and gamma radiation. Exactly why microwaves and infrared radiation are often used to heat foods.
Chart courtesy Wikipedia
In fact, extrapolating even a bit further, it is quite conceivable that all Leptons might indeed be iterations of just one simple particle. This also has to include Neutrinos which by virtue of their velocity and consequent Apparent Mass interact precisely as C+ predicts. Once again further research and experimentation will unquestionably prove immensely beneficial.
The Gray Area
When transitioning from subsonic to supersonic with respect to the speed of sound, it is not instantaneous. There is a region of transition that happens between mach 0.8 and 1.2. It is often referred to as a region of instability. Exactly the same can be said for the transition to the speed of light. There is a gray area or transitional region. Much like the speed of sound, many unusual things happen within this region.
Matter very close to the speed of light exhibits a wealth of interesting properties. Within the gray area must also be somewhat of a finite boundary at the transition point. Because of the wave-particle duality of highly accelerated matter, some particles at the correct energies or velocities, wavelike behavior allows them to move between sub-light and faster than the speed of light, thus having a frequency so to speak. This unique feature has two remarkable attributes. One is, it clearly marks the boundary or transition point of the speed of light. The other becomes extremely important for solving one of quantum mechanics most interesting problems, that is of the existence of Virtual Particles, and how they work.
Erwin Schrodinger taught us for example, that electrons don't exist in just one place around an atom, but rather in a c loud. This Cloud is a direct result of the typical wavelike behavior of a particle very close to the speed of light. Werner Heisenberg further went on to teach us that the electron can never be accurately predicted to be in any one place, at any one time with great certainty, but rather only with a probability.
This is indeed one of the key features of Quantum Mechanics. The principle of C+ also teaches us that time, with respect to the stationary observer, stops at this transition point.
The wavelike feature of highly accelerated particles like an electron for example, causes them to exhibit the properties of frequency because of the disappearance and reappearance at the boundary transition point. Bouncing between slightly less than the speed of light, and slightly greater than the speed of light.
Virtual particles are particles that exist close to the speed of light, that can oscillate back and forth at the boundary, at specific frequencies.
While virtual particles have yet to be directly observed, they are indeed quite real and have observable effects that can be measured with great accuracy. Their properties are well established and understood consequences of quantum mechanics. Probably the most notable being the Casimir effect , first discussed in 1948 by Hendrik Casimir.
Because of the dance between the two frames of reference, the virtual frequency so to speak, time becomes a contributing factor to the difficulty in pinpointing a particle. Part of the time it's within the observer's frame of reference and part of the time it has crossed the boundary of C+, where time from the observer's point of view, has stopped momentarily. This is also why, as Heisenberg predicted, it's difficult to know exactly the precise position of the electron. By taking the frequency, as well as the losses of time between Frequency Peaks into account, Quantum Mechanics can now become more precise.
Once matter reaches C+, its frame of reference simply moves sufficiently far enough from the observer's frame of reference that it is no longer possible for conventional observations and communication. Most importantly, absolutely nothing is preventing this phase transition because absolutely nothing about the matter itself has actually changed. Exactly like Doppler’s experiments, the sound itself doesn't change, only its interaction with the stationary Observers frame of reference.
The speed of light is not an insurmountable barrier, but rather simply a phase transition between two frames of reference that have moved sufficiently far enough apart.
Much like virtual particles, matter with velocities near, and beyond the speed of light are indeed difficult to detect, however their effects are extremely profound. This is why the principle of C+ is verified by answering a vast array of physics questions with great precision.
With a thorough understanding of the principle of C+ we now are faced with answering some of nature’s truly most interesting riddles. These include accurately calculating the amount of Dark Matter that exists in the Universe, Quantum Entanglement, and the Heisenberg Quantum Mechanical Equations. Additionally, perhaps the most important, as well as the most genuinely profound implication of all, is the possibility of the answer to Gravity’s Riddle.
Countless volumes have been written describing Gravity in vast and seemingly endless detail. Yet, the actual simple mechanism has yet to be revealed. Could it merely exist within the realm of C+? Could it be, that this most simplest and all pervasive of entities, has its roots practically in front of our eyes, merely in just another reference frame? One so tantalizingly close that we can simply reach out and have it pass unassumingly through our hands...