(Continued)
Gravitational Lensing
Illustration of a black hole or dark matter moving through the interstellar medium showing traditional gravitational lensing.
Another powerful tool in the search for dark matter is microlensing. Microlensing by an isolated object was first detected in 1989. Since then it has been used to detect a myriad of things such as exoplanets, brown dwarfs, and black holes. Microlensing functions differently in that it doesn't look for traditional arcs or rings. Rather it looks for the brightening of a background object when a foreground dark object passes in front of it. It's a simple technique with profound implications.
Illustration courtesy of Wikipedia / NASA
Computer simulation of galactic filaments showing cosmic voids and web like structure. (Courtesy Wikipedia)
This brings us to another postulate of incredibly great importance. Large cosmic voids may indeed be vast regions of material that is gravitationally bound, and are large concentrations of C+ dark matter. Clusters of galaxies, including super clusters, are indeed common. Therefore nothing is preventing clusters of dark matter as well.
This is a map of the larger known cosmic voids. (Courtesy Wikipedia)
Further supportive evidence can also be found in ultra high energy cosmic particles arriving here on earth, from these regions of apparent nothingness. Particles such as the Amaterrasu particle at more than 240 EeV (Exa-electronvolts). First detected in 2021 and later identified in 2023, are apparently emanating from the local void. This is an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way Galaxy. Previous extremely high energy cosmic rays have also been observed such as the OMG particle in 1991 at 320EeV.
These ultra high energy cosmic rays are strongly suggestive that these dark areas contain vast concentrations of relativistic high energy matter. Further research will also be needed to discover, if these cosmic rays have suffered entropy over the long distances they have traveled, or are they simply a consequence of normally radiated relativistic energy.
Once again, it is important to recognize that given the enormous volume of galaxies within the universe, as well as their immense size and the super massive black holes at their centers, a great amount of dark matter is additionally being emanated from them. Black holes quite literally are fountains of relativistic C+ matter. They add vast amounts of material to the interstellar medium.
No discussion of cosmic voids would be complete without mentioning Dark Molecular Clouds, Absorption Nebulae and Bok Globules. Indeed they share many similarities with cosmic voids and may also be regions of gravitationally bound C+ matter. Additionally, their irregular shapes bear a striking resemblance to the irregular shapes of large cosmic voids. This strongly suggests gravitational interaction with known visible matter.
Photograph of Barnard 68 in the visible and near infrared light. (Courtesy Wikipedia / NASA)
"There is an Entire Universe of Matter
moving Faster than the Speed of Light"
It is also important to note, that not all dark matter is matter traveling faster than the speed of light. There is matter that is cold and dark enough that it is difficult to detect. Some examples being Black Dwarfs, stars that have long since died, and Dark Interstellar Dust which is also difficult to detect. Any discussion of Dark Matter must also include Dark Antimatter. It should also be noted that not all voids in space are dark matter. Gravitational irregularities sometimes leave some voids with less matter. With our new understanding of dark matter, cosmic voids and galactic filaments, it's tempting to believe that space is homogeneous. However, it is well known that gravitational attraction forms clumps. Space is unquestionably not homogeneous as seen in the famous cosmic microwave background (CMB) map by the Planck Satellite.
Planck Satellite map (Courtesy Wikipedia / ESA)
Any discussion of the speed of light must also include Gravitons!
This is especially true with the recent coinciding confirmations of Gravitational Waves at the Ligo and Virgo Gravitational Wave Observatories. These confirmations have given birth to an absolute wealth of new scientific information as well as a new branch of science, Gravitational Wave Astronomy.
Image 1: Ligo Observatory Hanford, Washington State
Image 2 : Ligo 2nd Observatory, Livingston Louisiana
Image 3: Virgo Observatory, Pisa Italy
The first observations were done using Laser Interferometry by the Ligo Observatories on September 14, 2015 (GW150914). This occurred when two black holes merged. The merger was estimated to be approximately 1.3 billion light years from Earth. The masses of the black holes were approximately 29, and 36 times that of our sun. They spiraled together releasing the energy equivalent to three solar masses. This happened amazingly in only a fraction of a second.
Since this discovery, a great many more collisions have been observed. Unquestionably Gravitational Waves permeate the entire Universe. However, presently we are only able to observe large cataclysmic events such as the merger of Black Holes, Neutron Stars and Supernovae. Our detection capabilities are still in their infancy.
Additionally Gravitational Waves also exhibit wavelength just like photons. Interestingly, the wavelength for Gravitational Waves are very long and often measured in light years. The existence of Gravitational Waves also firmly implies the existence of Gravitons, thus making them a fundamental particles just like photons.
With respect to the speed of light, our new knowledge of Gravitational Waves gives further insight to the world of relativistic velocities. This can be easily seen in the first observations by the Ligo and Virgo collaboration of observatories.
The detectors first registered the arrival of only Gravitational Waves. Then approximately 1.7 seconds later, a high-energy gamma ray burst was received. Followed afterwards by x-ray, ultraviolet and eventually infrared photons. The most energetic photons arriving first followed by slower photons afterwards.
These observations and the subsequent delay in the arrival of photons speaks absolute volumes about the speed of light. It produces a clear understanding of the relative velocities. It also is a very clear indicator of the existence of the small Gray Area in, and around the speed of light. It provides powerful evidence that Gravitons do indeed travel a bit faster than the speed of light!
"We have long since known "C" as the speed of light,
it is now necessary to recognize "G" as the speed of Gravitons”
We know that photons can travel immense distances across the Universe. The new James Webb Telescope allows us to see light from the early days of the Universe, approximately 13.5 billion years ago. This is incredibly distant in both space and time. Gravitons travel slightly faster and of course must be more energetic, which further confirms their astounding ability to travel almost unimaginable distances.
Quantum Entanglement
By applying our new understanding of velocities faster than the speed of light, it now becomes easy to recognize a vast myriad of applications.
Of great importance is Quantum Entanglement. Einstein once called it "Spooky Action at a Distance". This phenomenon has been known about for a great many years and in recent times even put to use in Quantum Computers. Yet the actual mechanism of entanglement is poorly understood. Einstein himself believed that there is some form of communication between particles.
These particles are exact images of each other, and the act of observing one, directly and instantaneously affects the other. Entangled particles, like all particles, exhibit a well known wave particle duality. Specifically, it is the wave function part of its duality that clearly demonstrates a reflection or mirrored effect. This is occurring at speeds faster than the speed of light. Simply put, the mechanism of communication between entangled particles happens at velocities faster than the speed of light. Additionally, as we know when traveling at relativistic velocities, time stops relative to the observer. This gives the illusion of instantaneous communication.
At specific Distinct Resonant Frequencies reflections do indeed occur. The science of Fluid Mechanics further demonstrates this principle.
This is easily demonstrated with sound waves. A good example being sand placed on a plate vibrated by sound creating fractal like patterns. This was Classically demonstrated by Ernst Chladni in 1787.
Examples of Chladni's Resonance at Distinct Frequencies.
Reflections at velocities faster than the speed of light not only explain two paired particles, but additional pairing as well. It also completely verifies why affecting one particle instantaneously affects the other paired particle. Remember that matter moving faster than the speed of light leaves the observer's time frame, so from the observer's point of view time stops. Once again it is simply the illusion of being instantaneous for the entangled particles. It is this very feature of Quantum Entanglement that has left scientists puzzled for a great many years.
The effects of gravimetric resonance can be clearly seen when our solar system is viewed from the top down. Gravimetric resonance precisely explains the locations of the asteroid belts. It also further explains the non-congealment of the asteroid belts.
This is why no planets have formed there, and it's unlikely none ever will.
Gravitational waves have frequencies that are often measured in great distances. Therefore they are very low frequencies and produce very simple patterns such as the pattern when viewing our solar system from above.
Gravimetric Resonance
The science of gravimetric resonance is unquestionably still in its infancy. Yet the laws themselves, of wave resonance and fluid dynamics, have long since been established. Waves at specific, and very distinct frequencies interact with each other. This is often referred to as the science of Cymatics. Lower frequencies tend to create simpler patterns and higher frequencies tend to create more complex and intricate patterns. This was also briefly discussed in the section of quantum entanglement.
Chladini types of Resonance Examples
Gravitational waves themselves are now a well proven fact. Without doubt they completely permeate the entire universe. They are massive ripples in both space and time.
Additionally, gravity binds all matter in the universe, both relativistic, and non-relativistic alike. Dark matter itself, which is certainly relativistic, is gravitationally bound and interacts with our well known non-relativistic universe.
Therefore gravimetric resonance should be no surprise with respect to dark matter. However, since dark matter exists beyond the speed of light, and has moved beyond our frame of reference, any recognition of patterns would be extremely difficult. The one possible exception being, the overall shape of a dark matter field.
Kepler map of the Milky Way Galaxy (Courtesy NASA)
Spiral Galaxy M81 (Courtesy NASA)
Extrapolating a bit further it can also be clearly seen in the structure of a vast number of spiral galaxies. This includes such galaxies as our own Milky Way galaxy. This unique spacing in between the arms is unquestionably a result of gravimetric resonance. It clearly explains areas of fewer stars and less densely packed matter.
As galaxies rotate the arms naturally become curved and entangled, however the spacing is still present.
It can easily be seen by rotating a Chladini plate created at a specific resonant frequency, then viewing how the patterns begin to form arms. Precisely in much the same way as galactic arms are formed.
While approximately 60% to 75% of galaxies are spiral galaxies, it should be noted that not all galaxies are spiral galaxies. These apparently do not exhibit this easily observed phenomenon. However, gravimetric resonance unquestionably still plays an important role in their overall structure.
It is also conceivable that gravimetric resonance may also play a role in the large-scale structure of the universe itself, as seen in the previous image by the Planck Satellite map of background radiation.
Our knowledge of gravimetric resonance and its interactions with the entire universe is truly just beginning. But there are now many new places for further research.
Subatomic Particle Physics
Given our new knowledge of Apparent Mass and the speed of light, it now also becomes necessary to reevaluate our current thinking on many fundamental particles. In particular, the much more than just coincidental, similarities between Electrons, Muons and Tau Particles.
Each of these particles share nearly identical properties with the exception of mass, and most importantly, different lifetimes as a consequence of larger Apparent Mass.
Remember that larger Apparent Mass means the ability to do more work, or more properly stated, interact more readily. Much like the difference between infrared radiation and gamma radiation. Exactly why infrared radiation and microwaves are often used to heat foods. Whereas gamma radiation would simply pass directly through without significantly affecting the food's temperature.
Chart courtesy Wikipedia
There is unquestionably a striking resemblance between electrons, muons and tau particles. The only difference being their mass. The charges and spins are identical. In fact, extrapolating even a bit further, it is quite conceivable that all Leptons might indeed be iterations of just one simple particle, the electron. This also has to include neutrinos which by virtue of their velocity and consequent Apparent Mass interact precisely as C+ predicts. Their charge is no longer detectable because of their extreme velocities being so very close to the speed of light. Once again further experimentation will unquestionably prove immensely beneficial.
The Principle of C+ predicts that leptons may indeed be nothing more than different iterations of an electron, simply measured at different velocities.
The Gray Area
When transitioning from subsonic to supersonic with respect to the speed of sound, it is not instantaneous. There is a region of transition that happens between mach 0.8 and 1.2. It is often referred to as a region of instability. Exactly the same can be said for the transition to the speed of light. There is a gray area or transitional region. Much like the speed of sound, many unusual things happen within this region.
Matter very close to the speed of light exhibits a wealth of interesting properties. Within the gray area must also be somewhat of a finite boundary at the transition point. Because of the wave-particle duality of highly accelerated matter, some particles at the correct energies or velocities, wavelike behavior allows them to move between sub-light and faster than the speed of light, thus having a frequency so to speak. This unique feature has two remarkable attributes. One is, it clearly marks the boundary or transition point of the speed of light. The other becomes extremely important for solving one of quantum mechanics most interesting problems, that is of the existence of Virtual Particles, and how they work.
Erwin Schrodinger taught us for example, that electrons don't exist in just one place around an atom, but rather in a c loud. This Cloud is a direct result of the typical wavelike behavior of a particle very close to the speed of light. Werner Heisenberg further went on to teach us that the electron can never be accurately predicted to be in any one place, at any one time with great certainty, but rather only with a probability.
This is indeed one of the key features of Quantum Mechanics. The principle of C+ also teaches us that time, with respect to the stationary observer, stops at this transition point.
The wavelike feature of highly accelerated particles like an electron for example, causes them to exhibit the properties of frequency because of the disappearance and reappearance at the boundary transition point. Bouncing between slightly less than the speed of light, and slightly greater than the speed of light.
Virtual particles are particles that exist close to the speed of light, that can oscillate back and forth at the boundary, at specific frequencies.
While virtual particles have yet to be directly observed, they are indeed quite real and have observable effects that can be measured with great accuracy. Their properties are well established and understood consequences of quantum mechanics. Probably the most notable being the Casimir effect , first discussed in 1948 by Hendrik Casimir.
Because of the dance between the two frames of reference, the virtual frequency so to speak, time becomes a contributing factor to the difficulty in pinpointing a particle. Part of the time it's within the observer's frame of reference and part of the time it has crossed the boundary of C+, where time from the observer's point of view, has stopped momentarily. This is also why, as Heisenberg predicted, it's difficult to know exactly the precise position of the electron. By taking the frequency, as well as the losses of time between Frequency Peaks into account, Quantum Mechanics can now become more precise.
Once matter reaches C+, its frame of reference simply moves sufficiently far enough from the observer's frame of reference that it is no longer possible for conventional observations and communication. Most importantly, absolutely nothing is preventing this phase transition because absolutely nothing about the matter or object itself has actually changed. Exactly like Doppler’s experiments, the sound itself doesn't change, only its interaction with the stationary Observers frame of reference.
The speed of light is not an insurmountable barrier, but rather simply a phase transition between two frames of reference that have moved sufficiently far enough apart.
Much like virtual particles, matter with velocities near, and beyond the speed of light are indeed difficult to detect, however their effects are extremely profound. This is why the principle of C+ is continually verified by answering a vast array of physics questions with great precision. Additionally, the solving of the mystery of dark matter has incredibly far reaching applications.
With a thorough understanding of the principle of C+ we now are faced with answering some of nature’s truly most interesting riddles. These include accurately calculating the amount of Dark Matter that exists in the Universe, Quantum Entanglement, and the Heisenberg Quantum Mechanical Equations. Additionally, perhaps the most important, as well as the most genuinely profound implication of all, is the possibility of the answer to Gravity’s Riddle.
Countless volumes have been written describing Gravity in vast and seemingly endless detail. Yet, the actual simple mechanism has yet to be revealed. Could it merely exist within the realm of C+? Could it be, that this most simplest and all pervasive of entities, has its roots practically in front of our eyes, merely in just another reference frame? One so tantalizingly close that we can simply reach out and have it pass unassumingly through our hands...