Dark Matter and the Principle of C+
Professor Daniel J. Furmanek
In many branches of science the letter C stands for the speed of light. Probably the most famous of which is Albert Einstein's
E = MC ², C+ is simply the principle of velocities faster than the speed of light.
Physicists today are in vast pursuit of further knowledge for a great many principles. Some of these include quantum entanglement, black holes, gravity, gravitons, particle physics and especially dark matter. The science of dark matter in particular, as well as the growing evidence, is nearly a century old. Yet the actual mechanism still remains an elusive mystery. This is where the principle of C+ explains it with great clarity. However before explaining dark matter, a thorough understanding of the principle of C+ is necessary. Therefore let's start with the basics.
For a great many decades mankind has considered the speed of sound as an insurmountable barrier. Hence its once disconcerting name "The Sound Barrier".
Yet even long ago, there were hints of things faster than the speed of sound. Such as the crack of a whip, the bang of a bullet and even some sounds produced by animals. All of which are clearly happening faster than the speed of sound. (Remember that Mother Nature goes merrily along, doing her thing, it's up to us humans to figure out what's going on)!
Additionally the "Barrier", in the name "The Sound Barrier" genuinely gave early Aviators serious cause for concern as well as safety, because it was so poorly understood.
Today we are all too familiar with the fact that the speed of sound is merely nothing more than a Phase Transition[1] between two states of velocity, with a bit of interesting phenomena happening in, and around the Transition point. It is a simple fact of nature, that is now commonplace in our daily lives.
Illustration of an F-18 Hornet - demonstrating localized condensation near the speed of sound.
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
A thorough understanding of the speed of sound also yields a wealth of powerful tools. Most importantly being the Doppler Effect which gives us a great deal of important information, such as Relative Direction and Velocity. We've all experienced the Doppler effect in our daily lives, such as the change in pitch of a siren or a horn, as it approaches and passes by.
It is important to note that this information is relative only with respect, to the observer. It works as "Line of Sight" type information with very little left or right lateral data.
Doppler's wonderful Tool has powerful implications that reach far beyond that of just sound. One perfect example being the speed of light!
Sir Edwin Hubble showed us that light behaves in exactly the same way as sound. The Spectra, the optical chemical fingerprint of the Elements, becomes redshifted or blueshifted depending upon whether they are approaching or receding. Additionally the amount of redshift or blueshift gives us Relative Velocity. Once again this is much the same as the Doppler effect is with sound.
There are indeed many striking similarities between the speed of sound and the speed of light. Just as the speed of sound was once considered an insurmountable barrier, based upon the lack of knowledge and misinformation, exactly the same can be said for the speed of light.
The belief that the speed of light is a barrier is largely based upon Einstein's formulas showing that infinite Energy would be needed and infinite Mass would therefore occur. These formulas are exquisitely accurate and consistently proven correct. However, very close to the speed of light they become classically paradoxical.
"The speed of light is not an insurmountable barrier but rather merely a transition point between two velocities."
Zeno's Paradox is a wonderful illustration of just such a paradox. An example being, if an item is held above the floor, and then dropped. Whatever the distance between the object and the floor, that number can be divided in half. Mathematically the object can never reach the floor. Yet we all know it most certainly will. The formula itself is exquisitely accurate until things become extreme. These particular formulas of Einstein, work in precisely the same way.
The speed of light is not an insurmountable barrier but rather merely a transition point between two velocities.
Referring back to the speed of sound, another important facet that is extremely important to recognize as well is, communication between objects past the transition point becomes lost. Audible communication without mechanical intervention becomes impossible.
Passengers traveling faster than the speed of sound, on a supersonic aircraft, are not able to hear the Sonic Boom their aircraft is making. They are also not able to talk to, or hear anybody on the ground. However they are able to communicate with each other within the aircraft because of the air around them, that is also traveling with them.
Identically, velocities faster than the speed of light also produce the same results. Traditional communication is lost. It's also important to note that in both the case of the speed of sound, and the speed of light, the transition is also not instant. There is a small Gray[2] Transitional area in between. Velocities just before, during and just afterwards pose some very interesting phenomena.
With respect to the speed of light, from the stationary observers point
of view, several key features can be seen.
1.) First is the classic Lorentz Transformation. This is a well-known, Scientifically and Visually demonstrated phenomena of relativistic flattening. While the object itself doesn't truly flatten, from the observers point of view, the flattening can be clearly seen.
2.) Simultaneously Apparent Mass [3] is diminishing. That is to say the ability of Mass to interact or perform work with stationary objects becomes less. This manifests itself as the increasing ability of an object to pass through a stationary object.
Diminishing apparent Mass can also be recognized when looking at the difference between infrared photons and gamma ray photons. Infrared photons have less energy but greater apparent mass, and are capable of easily interacting with matter, yet gamma ray photons barely interact and often pass right through matter.
3.) Additionally, as velocity increases, so does C+ Transparency [4]. C+ Transparency is the diminishing ability to physically observe the object as well as the overall interactions between the Observer and the object. Once again exactly like the loss of sound when going Supersonic with respect to an Observer.
4.) The electromagnetic spectrum can also be viewed as a velocity chart so to speak. It is well accepted that energy and velocity have a distinct relationship. This is clearly seen in the relationship between the Lorenz Transformation Flattening and the Compression among Wavelengths of light. It is equally important to recognize that in both examples a point of inevitability can be clearly seen where a phase transition will definitely occur.
Exactly the same can be said for the compression of wavelengths of light approaching the speed of light. The point of transition can be clearly seen when the wavelengths completely compress and become one. As in the Lorenz transformation they will inevitably disappear.
5.) Lastly, as velocity increases so does the dilatation of time between the Observer and the Object. This is extremely important to recognize as an integral part of the Phase Transition. As velocity continues to increase so will the preceived slowing of time, until inevitably from the observer's point of view, time will stop for the moving object. Once again, it is analogous to the loss of sound when transitioning to supersonic.
Exactly the same can be said for the compression of wavelengths of light approaching the speed of light, the point of transition can be clearly seen when the wavelengths completely compress and will disappear.
Courtesy of NASA & the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.
The point of inevitability when reaching the speed of light, can easily be seen when the Lorenz transformation becomes so complete that the object disappears from view as it becomes relativistic.
With a thorough understanding of how C+ works we can now apply it to one of the most resounding confirmations!
It is remarkably seen in the recent photographic evidence of Black Holes by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration and NASA in April 2017. These stunning images are the supermassive Black Hole at the center of the galaxy M87.
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Actual close-up image of M87
Here the Accretion Disk can be clearly seen against the background of the Black Hole. Here also, is compelling evidence of material being accelerated to Relativistic Velocities.
Of the greatest interest, is the region of the disk nearest to the edge of the Black Hole. It is this very region that material is being accelerated to the speed of light, and beyond. Close examination shows a definite blackness beginning. This blackness is clearly the result of the material leaving our view as the stationary Observer, this is because it is now traveling faster than the speed of light.
Within this region near the edge
of the Black Hole material is being accelerated beyond the speed of light, hence the blackening.
We additionally know that material is being pulled directly into the Black Hole, yet it also cannot actually be observed. Once again this is simply because it has Phase Transitioned beyond the stationary Observer's view. Exactly like the sound when going Supersonic.
These Phased Transitioned areas of blackness also give rise to an additional possibility for the very reason of the blackness of the Black Hole itself. Rotational velocities of the entire Black Hole itself are indeed great enough that all material has transitioned beyond our frame of reference. Hence, it's blackness. This, in combination with the immense gravity that prevents visible photons from escaping, truly makes Black Holes one of the darkest objects in the Universe.
Original image courtesy of NASA/JPL - Caltech.
Chandra X-ray Observatory close-up of the Core of M-87 Galaxy
(Courtesy of NASA/CXC/Villanova University/J.Neilsen )
Enormous amounts of high energy gamma radiation are frequently seen emanating from the poles of black holes. Great quantities of relativistic matter are additionally emanating from these poles. They are literally double ended fountains that contribute vast amounts to the universe.
Original image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.
dark matter
As far back as 1884 when Lord Kelvin first discussed the existence of dark matter in the Milky Way Galaxy, a great, and very fevered debate began between Cosmologists and Physicists.
Research continues to this very day, that clearly shows there is much more matter in the universe than can be seen. This is especially evident with respect to the expansion of the universe and the interactions between galaxies. It is currently believed that between 85% - 90% of the universe is composed of dark matter.
Gravitational Lensing
As we now know, matter traveling at velocities faster than the speed of light is no longer visible from the stationary Observers point of view. Therefore a great deal of dark matter in the universe is simply Phase Transitioned. Since nothing about the matter itself has changed, then nothing is preventing it from becoming gravitationally bound to other phase transitioned matter. This gives rise to the existence of many regions of space with gravitationally bound material. Such material easily produces gravitational lensing given the proper alignments.
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Illustration of gravitational lensing Courtesy NASA
One of the strongest proofs of dark matter today is gravitational lensing. As predicted by Einstein, gravitational fields can easily bend light. This manifests itself as multiple images of the same object behind a large gravitational field or sometimes arcs of light. Often the foreground object can be seen, but in many instances it is not visible. This gives us an incredibly helpful tool in our search for dark matter.
Actual photograph of a gravitational lens (image courtesy NASA).